Review Sheet of Lecture Material

Final Exam

Language and Gender
sex vs. gender (sex typing)
some common differences
cultural interpretation
evolutionary interpretation
power interpretation.
Nonverbal Communication
Definition (analogic vs. digital codes).
Differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Integrated of nonverbal and verbal communication (repeating-emblems, complementing-illustrators, accenting, contradict, regulate).
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Body movement-kinesics (body orientation, posture, gestures, facial expressions, gaze).
Touch-haptics.
Space-proxemics (personal space, territory).
Chronemics-time.
Dress and appearance (dress, physical characteristics).
Listening
Reasons for poor listening (why we don’t listen).
Types of nonlistening (stage hogging, pseudolistening, selective listening, insulated listening, defensive listening, ambushing, insensitive listening).
Informational listening (steps involved).
Helpful listening-active listening.
Common ways people typically listen when trying to be helpful/supportive (advising, judging, analyzing, questioning, supporting).
When should you paraphrase (active listening).
Communication Climates
Confirming vs. disconfirming messages.
Confirming communication (recognition, acknowledgment, endorsement).
Defense mechanisms (attacking the critic, distorting critical information, avoiding - withdrawing).
Preventing defensiveness in others (evaluation vs. description, control vs. problem orientation, strategy vs. spontaneity, neutrality vs. empathy, superiority vs. equality, certainty vs. provisionalism).
Responding nondefensively to criticism.
Attraction
Situational factors (physical proximity, shared episodes, critical incidents, intimacy readiness).
Sources of attraction (physical beauty, similarity, reciprocal liking, goal fulfillment)
Theories of attraction:
reinforcement theories (Lott and Lott classical conditioning, Byrne and Clore's reinforcement affect model, criticism of reinforcement theories).
Exchange or equity theories (Thibault and Kelley's interdependence theory, Rusbults investment model, Hatfield’s equity theory).
Knapp's Staircase Model (initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, renegotiating stage, bonding, differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating).
Guidelines for self-disclosing (reciprocity - small, positive)
Conflict
Some truths about conflict.
Advantages of conflict.
Disadvantage of conflict.
Approaches to conflict resolution: (lose/lose, win/lose, win/wine, etc).
Constructive vs. destructive.
Personal conflict styles (direct aggression, passive aggression, indirect, assertion, avoidance).
Conflict in Relationships
Two major reasons for conflict in relationships (dialectical nature of relationships, violate relationship rules).
Strategies used (passive vs. active; constructive vs. destructive -- exit, voice, loyalty, neglect).
Conflicts in marriage (marital schemata - traditionals, independence, separates).
Outcomes of using passive strategies.
Outcomes of using more active and constructive strategies.
Reasons for using passive strategies.
How to handle conflicts successfully.
Assertive communication (behavior, interpretation, feelings).
Individual Differences (what they are and why important)
Machiavellian, Self-Monitoring, Locus of Control, Cognitive Complexity, Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness, Communication Apprehension, Loneliness
Relational Maintenance
Importance of Equity and Relational Maintenance Strategies (Positivity, Openness, Assurances, Social Networks, Sharing Tasks)
Love
Triangular Theory of Love
            Components

                        Intimacy

                        Passion

                        Commitment

            Each component varies in intensity

            Different types of love

                        Nonlove

                        Liking

                        Infatuation

                        Empty love

                        Romantic love

                        Companionate love

                        Fatuous love

                        Consummate love

Romantic, Passionate Love (influences decision making)

            Hot, fragile, sexual

            Exciting, excitation transfer

            Delusional

            needy

Companionate Love (plays an important long term role)

            warm, durable, close

            comfort – familiar

Styles of Loving

            Eros

            Ludus  

            Storge 

            Mania  

            Agape 

            Pragma

            People want – eros and agape

            Also, good to pair-up with similar love style. 

            Some sex differences

                        Men – score higher on ludus

                        Women – tend to score higher on storge, pragma

            Attachment Differences

                        Secure

                                    Eros

                                    Agage

                                    Intimacy

                                    Passion

                                    Commitment

                                                Low ludus

                        Dismissing

                                    Ludus

                                                Low Intimacy

                                                Low Commitment

                        AA/Pre           

                                    Mania

                                    Passion

                                                Low Commitment

 

Previous Material that will be covered on Final:

Common Misconceptions - meanings are NOT in words, more is not necessarily better, communication will not solve all problems, communication is not a natural ability.

Self Concept - self-fulfilling prophecies (how they work).

Perception Process - biases in perception

Emotions - emotionally difficult communication patterns (paradoxes, communication spirals)