I. UNIFICATION OF EGYPT: ARTIFACT EXERCISE

• Reference sheet

• (*)Wall painting from Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis (Artifact #1)
• Naqada II
• Series of river going boats
• Compare boats on Naqada II pots
• On one of the boats, ruler shown underneath awning (elevated throne)
• Compare Narmer macehead showing king underneath canopied throne
• Theme of conflict/warfare
• Order versus chaos
• Threats in form of desert animals & humans
• Countered by scenes of capture or defeat
• Containment of unrule
• Two facing lions held apart by male human figure (probably ruler)
• (*)Carved ivory knife handle (Artifact #2)
• Naqada II
• Photograph
• Front:
• Theme of conflict/warfare
• Water battle scene
• Two different styles of boat
• Sickle-shaped (Egyptian)
• Square design with high front & back end (Mesopotamian)
• May suggest battle between Mesopotamia & Egypt
• Back:
• Containment of unrule
• Compare image with the one found on Tomb 100 wall painting
• Style of clothing suggests foreign (Mesopotamian) influence
• (*)"Towns" palette (Artifact #3)
• Late Naqada III
• (*)Photograph
• Theme of conflict or warfare
• Shows animals hacking away at walls
• Narmer palette (Artifact #4)
• Beginning of Early Dynastic Period
• Found at Hierakonpolis
• (*)Side A
• (*)Side B
• (*)Photograph
• Serekh
• Palace facade design used to enclose Narmer's name ("royal seal")
• Symbol of kingship
• General plan of palace facade architecture from Early Dynastic Period
• Falcon of Horus usually perched on top, but missing on Narmer palette
• Compare serekh of King Djet (1st Dynasty)
• Animal heads
• Drawn from front (uncharacteristic of Egyptian art)
• Cult of cow goddess
• Hathor
• Narmer wears crowns of Upper & Lower Egypt
• Red Crown (Lower Egypt)
• White Crown (Upper Egypt)
• Shown defeating Lower Egyptian enemies
• Macehead pose on Side A is typical for Dynastic kings
• Compare ivory label of King Den (1st Dynasty)
• Two lion-like beasts with intertwined necks
• Similar image found on palette of King Den from Lower Egypt (Manshiyet Ezzat)
• Bull attacking wall of city or fortress with its horns
• Compare "Towns" palette (Artifact #3)
• (*)Ivory label of Narmer (Artifact #5)
• Beginning of Early Dynastic Period
• Found at Abydos
• Narmer, represented by a catfish, is shown defeating a Lower Egyptian enemy
• Practical function of label
• Product label
• Attached to products (especially jars of oil) to indicate year of delivery
• Years were named after major events
• Ivory cylinder of Narmer (Artifact #6)
• Beginning of Early Dynastic Period
• Found at Hierakonpolis
• Similar image to the one on Artifact #5