Lecture Summary 6

Inheritance

• Inheritance allows a software developer to derive a new class from an existing one, for the purpose of reuse, enhancement, adaptation, etc.
  • superclass (a.k.a. base class)
  • subclass (a.k.a. derived class, extended class)
• Inheritance models the is-a relationship.
• If class E is an extended class of class B, then any object of E can act-as an object of B.
• Examples: Book.java, Dictionary.java, Words.java
• Protected visibility
• Super constructor
• Examples: Book2.java, Dictionary2.java, Words2.java
• Overriding
• Super reference
• Examples: Book3.java, Dictionary3a.java, Dictionary3b.java, Books.java
• Single vs. multiple inheritance
  • A class may have only one superclass.
• Overloading vs. overriding
  • Overloading
     More than one methods have the same name but different  signatures
  • Overriding
     Replacing the implementation of a methods in the superclass with one of your own.
    • You can only override a method with the same signature.
    • You can only override instance methods.
    • A child class cannot override a method defined with the final modifier.
    • The object that is used to invoke a method determines which version of the method is actually executed.
• The Object class
  • The root of Java class hierarchy
  • Defines some common methods:
    • public String toString()
    • public boolean equals(Object other)
  • If a class does not explicitly declare a superclass, its superclass is Object.
• Abstract class
  • An abstract class is a class with partial implementation.
  • It implements behaviors that are common to all subclasses, but defers to the subclasses to implement others (abstract methods).
  • An abstract class cannot be instantiated
  • The subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of the parent, or it too will be considered abstract
• Interface
  • Interfaces are classes with no implementation.
    • Interfaces represent pure design.
    • Abstract classes represent mixed design and implementation.
  • An interface consists of only abstract methods and constants, i.e., static and final.
  • All methods and constants are public.
  • No static methods.
  • An interface cannot be instantiated
  • Inheritance relation also applies to interfaces
    • superinterface and subinterface
  • Multiple inheritance allowed
    • An interface may extend multiple interfaces
    • A class my implement multiple interfaces
• Type conversion
  • Implicit conversion
    • Numeric variables: Any numeric types can be converted to another numeric type with larger range, e.g.
      char ==> int, int ==> long, int ==> float, float ==> double.
    • Object reference: An object reference of class C can be converted to a reference of a superclass of C.
  • Explicit conversion (cast)
    • Numeric variables: Any numeric types can be explicitly cast to any other numeric type. May lose bits, precision.
    • Object reference: Cast an object reference of a class to a reference of any other class is:
      • syntactically allowed; but
      • runtime checked.
• Cast object references:
  class Student { ... }
  class Undergraduate extends Student { ... }
  class Graduate extends Student { ... }

  Student student1, student2;
  student1 = new Undergraduate(); // ok
  student2 = new Graduate();      // ok

  Graduate student3;
  student3 = student2; // compilation error

  student3 = (Graduate) student2; // explicit cast, ok

  student3 = (Graduate) student1; // compilation ok, run-time error

• A polymorphic reference is one which can refer to different types of objects.
• Example: Books2.java