Music 100  STUDY GUIDE

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC:    BASIC TERMS

2. Timbre is synonymous with _____________

3. The relative highness or lowness of a sound is called _____________

4. The distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or instrument can produce is called _____________

5. The Italian dynamic markings traditionally used to indicate very soft, loud and very loud are _____________   _____________  _____________

6. The pitch of a sound is decided by the _____________   of its vibrations.

7. The distance in pitch between any two tones is called _____________

8. When two different tones blend so well when sounded together that they almost seen to merge into one tone, the interval is called a(n) _____________

9. The frequency of vibration is measured in  _____________

10. A gradual increase in loudness is known as a _____________  Draw the symbol for this: _____________

11. In music a sound that has a definite pitch is called a _____________

12. Music can be defined as _______________________________________

13. With a friend, practice identifying sounds as higher or lower than another pitch. Use any instrument available (including your voice!)

14. Listen to several different short pieces. Identify and write down all the instruments/voices that you hear.

15. Listen to the Prelude to Act III of Wagner’s Lohengrin. Write your personal and emotional reactions to the work.  Then try to write down as much as you can about the technical aspects of the music.  Mention the different elements of music.

· List the four basic vocal parts (2 women and 2 men)_____________ , _____________ , _____________  ,_____________
· List four (or more) string instruments _____________ , _____________  ,_____________ , _____________
· List at least four woodwinds instruments _____________ , _____________  ,_____________ , _____________
· List at least four brass instruments _____________ , _____________ , _____________ , _____________
· List three percussion instruments which have definite pitch: _____________ , _____________ , _____________ and three which have indefinite pitch: _____________ , _____________ , _____________
· Name three keyboard instruments _____________ , _____________ , _____________

RHYTHM:     BASIC TERMS

Match these terms with their definitions:

1. unit or group containing a fixed number of beats _____________

2. organization of beats into regular groupings _____________

3. stress or emphasis on a note _____________

4. particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music; the ordered flow of music through time _____________

5. putting an accent in music where it would not normally be expected _____________

6. rate of speed of the music _____________

7. unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat _____________

8. first, or stressed, beat of the measure _____________

9. regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time _____________

10. device that produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired musical speed _____________

Define these tempo markings:
ritardando_____________   accelerando _____________   adagio_____________
allegro _____________       andante _____________          largo _____________
molto _____________        vivace_____________              non troppo _____________
prestissimo _____________
 

MELODY:    BASIC TERMS

 Finish these statements:

1. A melody that serves as the building block for a longer piece of music is called a _____________

2. A series of pitches that add up to a recognizable whole is called a _____________

3. A resting place at the end of a phrase is called a _____________

4. The repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch is called a _____________

5. A part of a melody is called a _____________

6. A short, detached style of playing is called _____________

7. The emotional focal point of a melody is called the _____________
 

NOTATION:     BASIC TERMS

On  the picture of a musical score in your text, on page 39 fiind examples of these. (Note:I do not see a tie on this page.)
 

KEY     BASIC: TERMS

1. In traditional western music, the _____________ is the smallest interval between successive tones.
2. A shift from one key to another in the same composition is called _____________
3. The central tone around which a piece of music is organized is called the _____________
 

MUSICAL TEXTURE:      BASIC TERMS

Musical texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard at one time, what kind of layers are heard (melody or harmony) and how these layers are related to each other.

Complete the following sentences:

1. When a melodic idea is introduced by one part and then restated immediately by another, this is called_____________
2. A round is an example of _____________ and_____________
3. One main melody accompanied by chords is an example of _____________
4. A single melodic line without accompaniment is an example of _____________
5. When several voices or instruments perform a single melodic line, this is described as _____________ or _____________
6. Hymns, folk singing with guitar accompaniment, and barbershop quartets are  all examples of _____________
7. When two melodic lines of equal interst are performed together the texture is _____________
8. Counterpoint is a technical word for _____________
.

MUSICAL FORM:     BASIC TERMS

 Complete the following sentences:

1. Retaining some features of a musical idea while changing other is called _____________
2. Three ways of representing _____________ are: (1) A B A’ ,    (2) A  B A,    (3) statement, contrast and return
3. Organization of musical ideas in time is called _____________
 

MUSICAL STYLE

BASIC TERMS:

1. What is the texture of Gregorian chant? ________________
2. How was news disseminated across Europe during the Middle Ages?
3. Who was Hildegard of Bingen?
4. What does Pope Gregory I, have to do with chant?
5. What is the most important musical element for chant? (melody, harmony, rhythm., texture, form?) Why do you think so?

BASIC TERMS:
 

humanism	motet	lute
word painting	mass	viol
a cappella	madrigal

1. What is the predominant texture of Renaissance music? ________________

2. What does the term ‘renaissance’ mean? How does it apply to this period?

3. What does "a cappella" mean?

4. What is the biggest difference between a motet and a madrigal?

5. Cite several examples of word painting in the madrigal "As Vesta was descending" by Thomas Weelkes.

6. Name the two most important kinds of sacred music written in the Renaissance. ________________, ________________

7. Name 3 important personalities from the Renaissance (not musicians). ________________, ________________, ________________

8. Cite three important historical events (with dates) which occurred during the Renaissance. ________________, ________________, ________________

9.   Compare the Middle ages and the Renaissance in the following areas:
Economic conditions
Social life
Literature
Art
Vocal Music
Instrumental Music

10.  Indicate which of these style characteristics applies to the Middle Ages (MA) and which to the Renaissance (R).
 

Melody: narrow range ___ vs. greater range ___,
            angular  ___ vs. basically conjunct ___,
            more rhythmic ___ vs.  indefinite rhythm in early part of period ___
Texture: use of cantus firmus  ___ vs. free polyphony ___
Rhythm: greater use of syncopation ___ vs  gently flowing ___
Harmony: occasionally dissonant clashes between parts___ vs.  basically consonant, triadic ___
Sonority: two or three voices in upper ranges ___ vs. full four to six-voice choirs, with bass range ___
Language: predominantly Latin vs. ___ greater use of vernacular ___

1. Two of the most important composers of the Baroque period are  _______________and _______________

2. In the baroque period, where did the ordinary citizen usually hear music? _______________

3. A section of music that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger compostion is called a _______________ .

4. The alternation between loud and soft dynamics in music of the Baroque period we call _______________ .

5. In the Baroque, medieval church modes gradually gave way to _______________ and _______________ scales.

6. A bass part together with number specifying the chords to be played above it, is called _______________ .

7. Indicate which of these style characteristics applies to the  early Baroque and which to the Renaissance.
 

Melody: large choral group  a cappella ___ vs. small vocal ensemble, with basso continuo ___
Melody: basically conjunct, easy to sing elaborate,___ vs.  ornamented, difficult to sing ___
Texture: basically homophonic ___ vs. basically polyphonic ____
Rhythm: gently flowing ___ vs. emphatically rhythmic ____
Harmony: greater use of dissonance, major and minor tonalities ___ vs. consonant, triadic, church modes ___
Dynamics: terraced ___ vs. basically constant ___
Timbres: violin family, familiar instruments, basso continuo, specialized instruments___ vs. music written but instruments not specified, only range ___

Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form
Basic Terms: tutti, trill, ritornello, concerto grosso, ritornello form

1. How many movements does a concerto grosso usually have? _____

2. The concerto grosso has two groups of players known as ____________ and _____________ .

3. A musical ornament which consists of rapid alternation between two nearby pitches is called a _____.

4. What are the solo instruments in Bach’s Brandenberg Concerto  No. 5? ________, _________, ________ .

5. Which movement of a concerto grosso is usually the slowest? _________

Fugue
Basic Terms: fugue, subject, answer, countersubject, episode, stretto, inversion, retrograde, augmentation, diminution, prelude

1. The main theme of a fugue is  _____________

2. A melodic idea that constantly accompanies the subject of a fugue is the  _____________

3. The presentation of a subject in lengthened time values is  _____________

4. The presentation of a subject in shortened time values is  _____________

5. Transitional sections of a fugue that offer new material or fragments of the subject and counter subject are  _____________

6. Imitation of a subject before it is completed is  _____________

Opera and Oratorio, Chorale and Cantata
Basic Terms: opera, oratorio, libretto, librettist, aria, recitative, duet, trio, ensemble, overture

1. What are two important differences between opera and oratorio?

2. What are two important similarities between opera and oratorio?

3. What was the subject matter of the earliest operas?

4. What is the most prevalent form of a Baroque aria?

5. Speech-like melody accompanied only by a basso continuo is called __________ .

6. What is an embellishment in music?

7. Name an important composer of Baroque oratorio. __________ .

8. Name two composers of Baroque opera. __________ .

9. When living in the Baroque, where would you have heard a chorale?

10. What did Handel base the stories of his oratorios on?
 

Baroque Sonata and  Solo Concerto
Basic Terms:  sonata, trio sonata, opus

1. How many players are there usually in a trio sonata? (watch out!)

2. How many movements does a sonata usually have?

3. How many movements does a concerto usually have?