Generally:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Work." Title of Complete Work. [protocol and address] [path] (date of message or visit).

Published places, like web pages, gopher sites, and ftp sites:

Kehoe, B.P. (1992). "Zen and the art of the Internet" (2nd. Ed.), [Online]. Available WWW (World Wide Web):

http://whatever.the/address.would/be.html (on the date you found it) [This example was taken from Computer Mediated Communication Magazine: http://www.rpi.edu/~decemj/cmc/mag/current/toc.html]

* or *

U of Michigan English Department. "Teacher Resources", [Online]. Available via Gopher: machine.name/directory/directory/ (the "last revised" date or the date you found it)

E-mail messages should be cited as personal correspondence, e.g.:

Flood, Tim. "Re: why we teach composition." 17 April 1995. Online posting. Megabyte University (mbu-l@unicorn.acs.ttu.edu).

* or *

Kolko, Beth. "Wyoming paper proposal." E-mail to the author. 5 April 1995.

* or *

Wilson, Kim. "Re: the continuing crisis." 22 April 1995. Online posting. News group comp.edu.composition. Usenet. 23 April 1995.

MOO, MUD, and other real-time electronic chats.

If you're referring to a stored transcript of a chat, then you can use the above ftp/gopher/www citing. If you are the only person who made a log of a conversation, then these utterances should be cited as interviews, e.g.:

Taylor, Paul. Personal electronic interview. MediaMOO (mediamoo.media.mit.edu 8888), 17 April 1995.

Generally speaking, however, you might refer to:

Xia Li and Nancy Crane. ELECTRONIC STYLE: A GUIDE TO CITING ELECTRONIC INFORMATION. Westport CT: Mecklermedia, 1993.

-or-

The Electronic stylesheet constructed and maintained by Janice Walker and endorsed by the Alliance for Computers and Writing: http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html

The following suggestions for citations of Internet sources in history and the historically based humanities are derived from the essential principles of academic citation in Kate L. Turabian, *A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, *5th ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987). I have also drawn upon suggestions from some of the works listed below. The guide has been improved by the students of my Historical Methods classes at East Tennessee State University and my fellow H-AFRICA editors whom I thank for their assistance. Since the Internet is an evolving institution, this guide is not intended to be definitive. Corrections, additions, comments, suggestions, and criticisms are therefore welcome. Please address them to the author at: pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu

When the need for revisions and updates become apparent, new versions of the guide will be issued.

Bibliographic Citations

Basic citation components and punctuation

Author's Last Name, First Name. [author's internet address, if available]. "Title of Work" or "title line of message." In "Title of Complete Work" or title of list/site as appropriate. [internet address]. Date, if available.

The samples below indicate how citations of particular electronic

sources might be made.

Listserv Messages

Walsh, Gretchen. [gwalsh@acs.bu.edu]. "REPLY: Using African newspapers in teaching." In H-AFRICA. [h-africa@msu.edu].18 October 1995.

World Wide Web
Limb, Peter. "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa." [http://neal.ctstateu. edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html]. May 1992.

FTP Site

Heinrich, Gregor. [100303.100@compuserve.com]. "Where There Is Beauty, There is Hope: Sau Tome e Principe." [ftp.cs.ubc.ca/pub/local/FAQ/african/gen/saoep.txt]. July 1994.

Gopher Site

"Democratic Party Platform, 1860." [wiretap.spies.com Wiretap Online Library/civic & Historical/Political Platforms of the U.S.] 18 June 1860.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. "Making Difference." [gopher.uic.edu The Researcher/History/H-Net/H-Amstdy (American Studies)/Essays & Discussions About American Studies]. 20 July 1995.

Usenet Group Messages

Dell, Thomas. [dell@wiretap.spies.com]. "[EDTECH] EMG: Sacred Texts (Networked Electronic Versions)." In [alt.etext]. 4 February 1993.

Legg, Sonya. [legg@harquebus.cgd.ucar.edu]. "African history book list." In [soc.culture.african]. 5 September 1994.

E-mail Messages

Page, Mel. [pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu]. "African dance and Malawi." Private e-mail message to Masankho Banda, [mbanda@igc.apc.org]. 28 November 1994.

Footnote and Endnote Citations
Basic citation components and punctuation

<note number> Author's First name and Last name, [author's internet address, if available], "Title of Work" or "title line of message," in "Title of Complete Work" or title of list/site as appropriate, [internet address], date if available.

The examples below indicate how citations of particular electronic sources might be made.

Listserv Messages

<1> Gretchen Walsh, [gwalsh@acs.bu.edu], "REPLY: Using African newspapers in teaching," in H-AFRICA, [h-africa@msu.edu], 18 October 1995.

World Wide Web

<2> Peter Limb, "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa," [http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html], May 1992.

FTP Site

<3> Gregor Heinrich, [100303.100@compuserve.com], "Where There Is Beauty, There is Hope: Sao Tome e Principe," [ftp.cs.ubc.ca/pub/local/FAQ/african/gen/saoep.txt], July 1994.

<4> Sonya Legg, [legg@harquebus.cgd.ucar.edu], "African history book list," in [soc.culture.african], 5 September 1994.

Gopher Site

<5> "Democratic Party Platform, 1860," [wiretap.spies.com Wiretap Online Library/civic & Historical/Political Platforms of the U.S.], 18 June 1860.

<6> Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, "Making Difference," [gopher.uic.edu The Researcher/History/H-Net/H-Amstdy (American Studies)/Essays & Discussions About American Studies], 20 July 1995.

Usenet Group Messages

<7>Thomas Dell, [dell@wiretap.spies.com] "[EDTECH] EMG: Sacred Texts (Networked Electronic Versions)," in [alt.etext], 4 February 1993.

E-Mail Messages

<8> Mel Page, [pagem@etsuarts.east-tenn-st.edu], "African dance and Malawi," private e-mail message to Masankho Banda, [mbanda@igc.apc.org], 28 November 1994.

Additional Source Material on Internet Citations

Dodd, Sue A. "Bibliographic References for Computer Files in the Social Sciences: A Discussion Paper." [gopher://info.monash.edu.au:70/00/handy/cites]. Revised May 1990. {Published in *IASSIST Quarterly*, 14, 2(1990): 14-17.}

Li, Xia and Nancy Crane. *Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information*. Westport: Meckler, 1993.

University of Chicago Press *Chicago Guide to Preparing Electronic Manuscripts: for Authors and Publishers*. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Walker, Janice R. "MLA-Style Citations of Internet Sources." [http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/janice.html]. April 1995.

Version 1.1 30 October 1995

Electronic Sources: APA Style of Citation

>>>Individual Works<<<

Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

 

Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

• Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available: Oxford UP [1995, May 27].

 
• Pritzker, T. J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].

 

 

* Write "No date" when the electronic publication date is not available.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Parts of Works<<<

Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

 

Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

• Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia [Online]. Available: Dow Jones News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June 5].

 

 

* This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
 

• Daniel, R. T. (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online: Macropaedia [Online]. Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [1995, June 14].

 

 

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Journal Articles<<<

Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].

 

Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

• Clark, J. K. Complications in academia: Sexual harassment and the law. Siecus Report [CD-ROM], 21(6), 6-10. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June 13].

 
• Carriveau, K. L., Jr. [Review of the book Environmental hazards: Marine pollution]. Electronic Green Journal [Online], 2(1), 3 paragraphs. Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html [1995, June 21].

 

 

* This is a reference for a book review; brackets indicate title is supplied.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
 

• Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].

 

 

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Magazine Articles<<<

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].

 

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

• Goodstein, C. (1991, September). Healers from the deep. American Health [CD-ROM], 60-64. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1992 Life Science/Article 08A [1995, June 13].

 
• Viviano, F. (1995, May/June0. The new Mafia order. Mother Jones Magazine [Online], 72 paragraphs. Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [1995, July 17].

 

 

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Newspaper Articles<<<

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].

 

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

• Howell, V., & Carlton, B. (1993, August 29). Growing up tough: New generation fights for its life: Inner-city youths live by rule of vengeance. Birmingham News [CD-ROM], p. 1A(10 pp.). Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 Youth/Volume 4/Article 56A [1995, July 16].

 
• Johnson, T. (1994, December 5). Indigenous people are now more combative, organized. Miami Herald [Online], p. 29SA(22 paragraphs).Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95--Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized [1995, July 16].

 

 

* This reference gives beginning page and the number of paragraphs; this information is useful if one wishes to refer to material in text references.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Discussion List Messages<<<

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address [Access date].

 

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].

Examples:

• RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu [1995, April 1].

 

 

* Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.
 

• RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-l log9504A [1995, August 1].

 

 

* Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.

>>>Personal electronic communications (E-mail)<<<

Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month day). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address)

Examples:

• Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). (1995, July 30). Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu).