Textiles, Dress, and Fashion
Abiodun, Rowland, Ulli Beier, and John Pemberton. Cloth Only Wears to Shreds: Yoruba Textiles and Photographs from the Ulli Beier Collection. Amherst, MA: Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, 2004. [Reviewed by Lisa Aronson in African Arts (Los Angeles) 37, no. 4 (Winter 2004): pp. 91-92.]
Adams, Monni. "Fon Applicquéd Cloths." African Arts (Los Angeles) 12, no. 2 (1980): pp. 28-41, 87-88.
Adams, Monni and T. Rose Holdcraft. "Dida Woven Raffia Cloth from Côte d'Ivoire." African Arts (Los Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July 1992): pp. 42-51, 100-2.
Adesanya, Aderonke Adesola. “A Semiotics of Clothing Insignia of Indigenous Secret Societies Among the Ijebu
Yoruba,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and
Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 23-48. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Adler, Peter and Nicholas Barnard. African Majesty: The Textile Art of the Ashanti and Ewe. New York:
Thames and Hudson, 1992. [Reviewed in American Craft (New York) 53, no. 3 (June-July 1993): p. 28; Christopher D.
Roy in Choice (Middletown) 30, no. 7 (March 1993): p. 1128.]
Adler, Peter and Nicholas Barnard. "Asafo!" Hali: The International Magazine of Fine Carpets and Textiles
(London) 14, no. 5 (Oct. 1992): pp. 106-110.
Adler, Peter and Nicholas Barnard. Asafo! African Flags of the Fante. New York: Thames and Hudson,
1992. [Reviewed by George Nelson Preston, African Arts (Los Angeles) 26, no. 3 (July 1993): pp. 83-4; Anne Rogers in
Piecework (Loveland) 2, no. 3 (May-June 1994): pp. 92-93; Susan M. Olcott in Library Journal (New York) 117,
no. 8 (Nov. 1, 1992): p. 82.]
Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde. “Clothed Ritual Trees: An Insight into Yoruba Religious Thoughts,” in Yoruba
Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde
Agbaje-Williams, pp. 157-187. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Akinwumi, Tunde M. "Diffusion of Upo Funerary and Egungun Textiles in the Niger-Benue Confluence Area." Lagos
Historical Review (Lagos) 7 (2007): pp. 134-159.
Akinwumi, Tunde M. “‘Ero’: A Celebration of Eldership in the Indigo Cloths of Owo,” in Yoruba Religious
Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams,
pp. 49-70. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Akou, Heather Marie. Macrocultures, Migration, and Somali Malls: A Social History of Somali Dress and
Aesthetics. Ph.D., U. of Minnesota, 2005.
Alphadi. "Croire à l'Afrique: La cronique de la mode d'Alphadi/Africa's Credibility: Alphadi's Fashion Chronicle."
Revue Noire (Paris) 4 (March-April-May 1992): p 6.
Andah, Bassey W. "Dress Technology," in Nigeria's Indigenous Technology, pp. 88-102. Ibadan: Ibadan
University Press, 1992.
Aremu, P. S. O. “Socio-religious Realities of Yoruba Egungun Costumes,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in
Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 89-114. Ibadan:
BookBuilders, 2005.
Aremu, P. S. O. "Textile-like Patterns on Yoruba Carvings." Nigerian Field (Ibadan) 47 (1982): pp. 18-22.
Aremu, P. S. O. "Textile-like Patterns on Yoruba Carvings," in Yoruba Culture, pp. 22-26. Ibadan:
Nigerian Field Society, Ibadan Branch, 1992.
Aremu, P. S. O. "Yoruba adire-eleko fabrics." Nigerian Field (Ibadan) 44 (1979): pp. 98-106.
Aremu, P. S. O. "Yoruba adire-eleko fabrics," in Yoruba Culture, pp. 7-15. Ibadan: Nigerian Field
Society, Ibadan Branch, 1992.
Aronson, Lisa. "Ijebu Yoruba Aso Olona: A Contextual and Historical Overview." African Arts (Los
Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July 1992): pp. 52-63, 101-2.
Aronson, Lisa. "The Language of West African Textiles." African Arts (Los Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July
1992): pp. 36-40, 100.
Asakitikpi, Aretha Oluwakemi. “Owo Women’s Religious Textiles,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour
of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 71-88. Ibadan: BookBuilders,
2005.
Asakitikpi, Aretha Oluwakemi. "The Rise and Fall of Broadloom Weaving Among the Yoruba: An Historical Overview."
Research Review (Legon) 22, n.s., no. 1 (2006): pp. 73-81.
Asamoah-Yaw, Ernest. Kente Cloth: Introduction to History. New York: Ghanam Textiles Inc., 1992.
Barbour, Jane et D. Simmonds, eds. Adire cloth in Nigeria: The Preparation and Dyeing of Indigo Patterned Cloths among the Yoruba. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, Unversity of Ibadan, 1971. [Review by Geneviève Calame-Griaule available in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 41, no. 2 (1971): p. 267.]
Barley, Nigel. "The Warp and Woof of Culture." RAIN 59 (Dec. 1983): pp. 7-8.
Bayo, Abdoulie. Traditional Crafts in the Gambia. Banjul: n.p., 1992.
Beck, Rose Marie. "Texts on Textiles: Proverbiality as Characteristic of Equivocal Communication at the East
African Coast (Swahili)." Journal of African Cultural Studies (London) 17, no. 2 (Dec. 2005): pp. 131-160.
Bedaux, Rogier M. A. and Rita Bolland. "Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d'une culture de l'Ouest africain au Moyen-Age: les Textiles." Journal des africanistes 50, no. 50/1 (1980): pp. 9-23.
Bernolles, J. "Note sur l'ornementation d'un chapeau Peul en usage dans la région de Djougou." Notes
Africaines 98 (1963): pp. 47-50.
Biedronska-Slotowa, B. "Early 15th-Century Byzantine and Mamluk Textiles from Wawel Cathedral,
Cracow." Bulletin du Centre International d’Etudes des Textiles Anciens (Lyons) 72 (1994): pp.
13-19.
Bolland, Rita. "Clothing from Burial Caves in Mali, 11th-18th Century," in History, Design, and Craft in West African Strip-Woven Cloth: Papers Presented at a Symposium Organized by the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, February 18-19, 1988, pp. 53-81. Washington, DC: The National Museum of African Art, 1992.
Broderie d'Alger: florilège de soie. Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe, 1992.
Daly, M.C., et. al. "Male and Female Artistry in Kalabari Dress." African Arts 19, no. 3 (1986): pp. 48-51.
Dennis, Ahiagble Bob. The Pride of Ewe Kente. Legon, Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2004.
Detourbet, A. Masson. "Le tissage du raphia chez les Batéké (Moyen-Congo)." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 27, no. 1 (1957): pp. 67-79.
Dilley, Roy M. "Dreams, Inspiration and Craftwork among Tukolor Weavers," in Dreaming, Religion, and Society in Africa edited by M. C. Jedrej and Rosalind Shaw. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992.
Dilley, Roy M. "Tukulor Weavers and the Organisation of Their Craft in Village and Town." Africa 56, no. 2 (1986): pp. 124-47.
Domowitz, Susan. "Wearing Proverbs: Anyi Names for Printed Factory Cloth." African Arts (Los Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July 1992): pp. 82-7, 104.
Duponchel, Pauline. Formes, fonctiones et significations des textiles traditionnels de coton tissés et teints du Mali. Mémoire de DEA, Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1990.
Duponchel, Pauline. Textiles Bògòlan du Mali. Neuchâtel: Musée d'Ethnographie, 2004. [Reviewed by Pascal James Imperato in African Studies Review (New Brunswick) 48, no. 2 (Sept. 2005): pp. 174-177.]
Dzide, Dan. "Kente Fever." West Africa (London) 3877 (Jan. 6-12, 1992): p. 4.
Edwards, Elizabeth and Linda Cheetham. "On Top of the World: A New Exhibition at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford." JASO: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 17, no. 1 (1986): pp. 46-49.
Edwards, Joanna P. "The Sociological Significance and Uses of Mende Country Cloth," in History, Design, and Craft in West African Strip-Woven Cloth: Papers Presented at a Symposium Organized by the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, February 18-19, 1988, pp. 133-168. Washington, DC: The National Museum of African Art, 1992.
"Fashion-Design/Mode-Design." Revue noire (Paris) 7 (Dec. 1992-Feb. 1993): pp. 32-33.
Filani, Emmanuel Olakunle and Babasehinde A. Ademuleya. “Religious and Royal Uses of Sacred Textiles in Lagos,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 189-208. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
The First National 'Gele' Head-Gear and Cultural Festival Prgramme: In Honour of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangidi CFR, FSS, MNI Special Guest of Hounour, The Honourable Minister of Information & Culture Prof. Sam Oyovbaire Venue, Main Bowl, Naional Arts Theatre, Iganmu, Lagos, Date, Saturday, 5th September, 1992. Lagos: s.n., 1992.
Friedman, Johathan. "The Political Economy of Elegance: An African Cult of Beauty." Culture & History (Copenhagen) 7 (1990): pp. 101-125.
Gardi, Bernard, ed. Textiles du Mali d'aprés les collections du Musée National du Mali. Bamako: Musée National du Mali, 2003. [Reviewed by Pascal James Imperato in African Studies Review (New Brunswick) 48, no. 2 (Sept. 2005): pp. 174-177.]
Gervers, Michael. "The Portuguese Import of Luxury Textiles to Ethiopia in the 16th and 17th Centuries and Their Subsequent Artistic Influence," in The Indigenous and the Foreign in Christian Ethiopian Art: On Portuguese-Ethiopian Contacts in the 16th-17th Centuries: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on the History of Ethiopian Art (Arrábida, 26-30 November 1999) edited by Manuel João Ramos and Isabel Boadvida, pp. 121-134. Hants, England: Ashgate, 2004. [Reviewed by Peri Klemm in International Journal of African Historical Studies (Boston) 39, no. 1 (2006): pp. 162-163.]
Geteloma, Charles. “Yoruba Indigenous Textiles and Catholic Liturgy,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 233-248. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Goody, Esther N. From Craft to Industry: The Ethnography of Proto-Industrial Cloth Production. Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology 10. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982. [Reviewed by Michael J. Hitchcock, review available online in JASO: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 15, no. 3 (1984): p. 270.]
Griaule, Geneviève. "Le vêtement dogon, confection et usage." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 21, no. 2 (1951): pp. 151-162.
Hamès, Constant and Alain Epelboin. "Trois vêtements talismaniques provenant de Sénégal (décharge de Dakar-Pikine)." Bulletin d'études orientales (Damascus) 44 (1992): pp. 217-241.
Heath, Deborah. "Fashion and Anti-Fashion, and Heteroglossia in Urban Senegal." American Ethnologist (Washington, DC) 19, no. 1 (Feb. 1992): pp. 19-33.
Heathcote, David. "A Hausa Charm Gown." Man 9, no. 4 (1974): pp. 620-624.
Heathcote, David. "Hausa Embroidered Dress." African Arts 5, no. 2 (1972): pp. 12-19, 82.
Henze, Martha H. "Imported Textiles in Ethiopian Traditions," in The Indigenous and the Foreign in Christian Ethiopian Art: On Portuguese-Ethiopian Contacts in the 16th-17th Centuries: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on the History of Ethiopian Art (Arrábida, 26-30 November 1999) edited by Manuel João Ramos and Isabel Boadvida, pp. 135-145. Hants, England: Ashgate, 2004. [Reviewed by Peri Klemm in International Journal of African Historical Studies (Boston) 39, no. 1 (2006): pp. 162-163.]
Hilu, Sam and Irwin Hersey. Bogolanfini Mud Cloth. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2005. [Reviewed by Pascal James Imperato in African Studies Review (New Brunswick) 49, no. 2 (Sept. 2006): pp. 214-215.]
History, Design, and Craft in West African Strip-Woven Cloth. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, 1992. [Reviewed by Elisha P. Renne, African Arts (Los Angeles) 26, no. 3 (July 1993): pp. 30-1, 83, 88.
Imperato, Pascal J. African Mud Cloth: The Bogolanfini Art Tradition of Gneli Traoré of Mali. Manhasset, N: Kilima House Publishers; Tenafly, NJ: The African Art Museum of the SMA Fathers, 2006. [Reviewed by Wayne D. Barton in African Studies Review (New Brunswick) 50, No. 1 (April 2007): pp. 210-211.]
Imperato, Pascal J. "Kereka Blankets of the Peul." African Arts (Los Angeles) 9, no. 3 (1976): pp. 56-59.
Imperato, Pascal J. "Wool Blankets of the Peul of Mali." African Arts (Los Angeles) 9, no. 3 (1973): pp. 40-47.
Jouin, Jeanne. "Le costume de la femme israélite, au Maroc." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 6, no. 2 (1936): pp. 167-186.
Jouin, Jeanne. "Thèmes décoratifs des broderies marocaines." Hespéris 15, no. 1 (1932): pp. 11-30.
Kennedy, Jean. "Artists of the Image and Loom: Sénégal," in New Currents, Ancient Rivers: Contemporary African Artists in a Generation of Change, pp. 97-107. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.
Kriger, Colleen E. Cloth in West African History. African Archaeology Series. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006.
Kusimba, Chapurukha M. "Printed and Dyed Textiles from Africa." Visual Anthropology 17, no. 2 (2004): pp. pp. 197-198.
Kusimba, Chapurukha M., J. Clair Odland, and Bennett Bronson. Unwrapping the Textile Traditions of Madagascar. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History in Association with the Field Museum, 2005. [Reviewed by Andrew Walsh in African Studies Review (New Brunswick) 48, no. 3 (Dec. 2005): pp. 200-202.]
Labi, Kwame Amoah. "The Transformation of European Forts, Castles and Flags into Local Fante 'Asafo' Iconography." Research Review (Legon) 22, n.s., no. 1 (2006): pp. 83-98.
Lamb, Venice. "A Vai Kpokpo." Hali: The International Magazine of Fine Carpets and Textiles (London) 14, no. 5, 65 (Oct. 1992): pp. 84-85.
Lamb, Venice and Alastair Lamb. Au Cameroun: Weaving – Tissage. Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire (Great Britain): Roxford Books, 1981.
Lebeuf, Annie M. D. "Le royaume du Baguirmi," in Princes & serviteurs du royaume: Cinq études de monarchies africaines edited by Claude Tardits, pp. 171-225. Paris: Société d'ethnographie, 1987.
Louca, C. and O. Valansot. "Etoffes mamlukes du Musée des Tissus de Lyon." Bulletin du Centre International d’Etudes des Textiles Anciens (Lyons) 72 (1994): pp. 20-33.
Mason, Ruth. “Telling Our Story.” Na’amat Woman 19, no. 1 (Winter 2003): pp. 8-12.
Muraz, G. "Les cache-sexe du Centre-africain." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 2, no. 1 (1932): pp. 103-112.
Noces tissées, noces brodées: costumes et parures féminins de Tunisie. Paris: Musées National des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, 1995.
Ntihabo, J. S. "The Lesotho Handspun Mohair Project." Advance (Washington, D.C.) 1, no. 1 (1986-1987): pp. 38-41.
Okpokunu, Edoja, Kokunre A. Agbontaen-Eghafona, and Pat O. Ojo. "Benin Dressing in Contemporary Nigeria: Social Change and the Crisis of Cultural Identity." African Identities (London) 3, No. 2 (Oct. 2005): pp. 155-170.
Olaoye, Tola. “‘Iwa’: Symbolism and Significance in Sango Ritual Textiles,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 129-155. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Owusu-ansah, Nana J. V. New Versions of the Traditional Motifs. Kumase: Degraft Graphics and Publications, 1992.
Page, Melvin E. and Patrick R. Bennett. "The Inscribed Sandals of Tippu Tip." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 42, no. 2 (1972): pp. 187-191.
Papini, Robert. "Dance Uniform History in the Church of Nazareth Baptists." African Arts (Los Angeles) 37, no. 3 (Autumn 2004): pp. 48-61, 90-92.
Paydar, Niloo Imami, and Ivo Grammet. Moroccan Life. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art, 2002. [Reviewed by Frederick Quinn in African Arts (Los Angeles) 37, no. 4 (Winter 2004): pp. 93.]
Perani, Judith. "The Cloth Connection: Patrons and Producers of Hausa and Nupe Prestige Strip-Weave," in History, Design, and Craft in West African Strip-Woven Cloth: Papers Presented at a Symposium Organized by the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, February 18-19, 1988, pp. 95-112. Washington, DC: The National Museum of African Art, 1992.
Perani, Judith and Norma Wolff. "Embroidered Gown and Equestrian Ensembles of the Kano Aristrocracy." African Arts (Los Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July 1992): pp. 70-81, 102-4.
Polakoff, Claire. Into Indigo: African Textiles and Dyeing Techniques. New York: Anchor Press, 1980. [Reviewed by Kate P. Kent in African Arts (Los Angeles) 14, no. 1 (Nov. 1980): pp. 28-9.]
Posnansky, Merrick. "Traditional Cloth from Ewe Heartland," in History, Design, and Craft in West African Strip-Woven Cloth: Papers Presented at a Symposium Organized by the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution February 18-19, 1988. Washington, D.C.: The Museum, 1992.
Poyner, Robin. "Traditional Textiles in Owo, Nigeria." African Arts (Los Angeles) 14, no. 1 (Nov. 1980): pp. 47-51, 88.
Preston, George Nelson. "Perseus and Medusa in Africa: Military Art in Fanteland, 1834-1972." African Arts (Los Angeles) 3, no. 3 (1975): pp. 36-39, 68-71, 91-92.
Prussin, Labelle. “Judaic Threads in the West African Tapestry: No More Forever?” Art Bulletin 88, no. 2 (June 2006): 328-353.
Ramirez, F. and Charles Rolot. Tapis et tissages du Maroc: une écriture du silence. Poche couleur 11. Courbevoie, Fr.: ACR, 1995.
Renne, Elisha P. "Aso Ipo, Red Cloth from Bunu." African Arts (Los Angeles) 25, no. 3 (July 1992): pp. 64-9, 102.
Renne, Elisha P. Cloth That Does Not Die: The Meaning of Cloth in Bùnú Social Life. Seattle, WA and London: University of Washington Press, 1995. [Reviewed online by Lisa Aronson on H-Net, available at http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=24094872714889.]
Renne, Elisha P. "The Decline of Women's Weaving Among the North-East Yoruba." Textile History (London) 23, no. 1 (Spring 1992): pp. 87-96.
Renne, Elisha P. “Visions of Sacred Textiles in a Yoruba Aladura Church,” in Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba edited by Elisha P. Renne and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, pp. 209-231. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Renne, Elisha P. and Babatunde Agbaje-Williams, eds. Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke Adepegba. Ibadan: BookBuilders, 2005.
Roberts, Allen F. "‘Break the Silence' Art and HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal." African Arts (Los Angeles) 34, no. 1 (Spring 2001): pp. 36-49, 93-95.
Ross, Doran H. Fighting With Art: Appliquéd Flags of the Fante Asafo. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History Pamphlet Series 1, no. 5. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1979.
Ross, Doran H. Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History Textile Series 2. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1998.
Sackey, Catherine. "Asafo Flags Fly High." West Africa (London) 3922 (Nov. 16-22, 1992): p. 1991.
Sackey, Catherine. "Kente: The royalty of Mass Culture." West Africa (London) 3915 (Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 1992): p. 1646.
Seidensticker-Brikay, Gisela. "Cia Mai: Elaborations on a Traditional Garment." Borno Museum Society Newsletter (Maiduguri) 3-4 (April-May-June-July Aug.-Sept. 1990): pp. 41-45.
"She's Passing Down the Woven Word." Essence (New York) 23, no. 1 (May 1992): p. 24.
Shimada, Yoshihito. "Formation de la civilisation 'complexe': Islam et vêtements en Afrique su-saharienne: Etude de cas de l'Adamawa." Senri Ethnological Studies (Osaka) 31 (1992): pp. 373-422.
Sieber, Roy. African Textiles and Decorative Arts. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1972.
Snieckus, Mary Ann. "Spinning Mohair in Lesotho." Threads Magazine (Newton, CT) 8 (Dec. 1986-Jan. 1987): pp. 66-69.
Spring, Christopher and Julie Hudson. North African Textiles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
Spring, Christopher and Julie Hudson. "Urban Textile Traditions of Tunisia." African Arts (Los Angeles) 37, no. 3 (Autumn 2004): pp. 24-41, 90.
Sumberg, Barbara A. A History of Cloth Production and Use in the Gouro Region of Côte-d'Ivoire. Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 2001.
Terry, M. Elizabeth. Final Report: Handicraft Production, Training, and Marketing in Remote Areas: Ngamiland, Ghanzi, and Kgalagadi Districts. Botswana Christian Council Occasional Paper 6. Gaborone: Botswana Christian Council, 1991.
Vaz, Kim Marie. The Woman with the Artistic Brush: A Life History of Yoruba Batik Artist Nike Davies. Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1995.
What About Textiles?: Traditional Textiles in the Gambia. Banjul: Museums and Monuments Division, National Council for Arts and Culture, 1992.
Young, Paulette Renee. Cloth that Speaks: African Women's Visual Voice and Creative Expression in Ghana. Ph.D., Columbia University, 2004.