1. Introduction
 
 
 
 

2. Individual vs. group decision-making revisited
 
 
 
 
 
 

3. Factors enhancing effective group decision-making
 
 

    A. Positive interdependence
 
 
 
 

    B. Promotive (face-to-face) interaction
 
 
 
 

    C. Socially skilled group members
 
 
 
 

    D. Group processing
 
 
 
 

    E. Controversy
 
 
 
 
 
 

4. Factors hurting effective group decision-making
 
 

    A. Uncritically giving one's dominant response
 
 
 
 

    B. Social loafing
 
 
 
 

    C. Conflicting goals of group members
 
 
 
 

    D. Failure to communicate and utilize information
 
 
 
 

    E. Egocentrism of group members
 
 
 
 

    F. Concurrence seeking within the group
 
 
 
 

    G. Lack of sufficient heterogeneity
 
 
 
 

    H. Group polarization
 
 
 
 

    I. Inappropriate group size
 
 
 
 

    J. Power differences &distrust
 
 
 
 

    K. Lack of sufficient time
 
 
 
 

5. Methods of Decision-making
 
 

    A. By authority without group discussion
 
 
 
 

    B. By expert
 
 
 
 

    C. By averaging individuals' opinions
 
 
 
 

    D. By authority after group discussion
 
 
 
 

    E. By minority
 
 
 
 

    F. By majority vote
 
 
 
 

    G. By consensus