Preconditions for Cinema
Human:
Persistence of vision
Phi phenomenon
Technological:
Motion picture camera
*Precursors: OPTICAL TOYSo
Thaumatrope
Zooetrope.
The zoetrope was invented in 1834 in England by William Horner. He called it the 'Daedalum' ('the wheel of the devil). It didn't become popular until the 1860s, when it was patented by makers in both England and America. The American developer, William F. Lincoln, named his toy the 'zoetrope', which means 'wheel of life'.
*Eadweard Muybridge and motion experiments
FIRST GENERATION OF MOTION PICTURE CAMERAS:
*Edison and Kinteograph
*Lumiere and Cinematographe
*Other inventors
Flexibile Film Stock
*celluloid - Eastman Kodak
Motion picture viewer
*Edison Kinetoscope & Kinetoscope parlors (5 cent shows)
--------Andy Holland 1894 showing of Kinetoscopes
*Lumiere cinematographe as projector
Social
Familiarity with images: still photography
Theatre
Dioramas
International Spread of Film Industry
UK - Brighton School:
* Cecil Hepworth and Rescued By Rover
Birth Acres & RW Paul - Rough Sea at Dover
France - Pathe Freres and stencil coloring system - The Golden Beetle
Shift to "One-Reelers"
*Approx. 12 min.
Edison switches to projection system to keep up with competition
Distribution: films bought outright and used until destroyed
Shift to Rental System of Distribution circa 1903-5
Nickelodeon Boom: regularizes film exhibition